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排序方式: 共有157条查询结果,搜索用时 218 毫秒
61.
62.
Sampling method, storage and pretreatment of sediment affect AVS concentrations with consequences for bioassay responses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
De Lange HJ Van Griethuysen C Koelmans AA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(1):243-251
Sediment treatment and sediment storage may alter sediment toxicity, and consequently biotic response. Purpose of our study was to combine these three aspects (treatment-toxicity-biotic response) in one integrated approach. We used Acid Volatile Sulfide (AVS) concentrations as a proxy of the disturbance of the sediment. AVS and Simultaneously Extracted Metal (SEM) concentrations were compared to bioassay responses with the freshwater benthic macroinvertebrate Asellus aquaticus. Storage conditions and sediment treatment affected AVS but not SEM levels. AVS can be used as a proxy for sediment disturbance. The best way to pretreat the sediment for use in a bioassay in order to maintain initial AVS conditions was to sample the sediment with an Ekman grab, immediately store it in a jar without headspace, and freeze it as soon as possible. In a survey using seven different sediments, bioassay responses of A. aquaticus were correlated with SEM and AVS characteristics. 相似文献
63.
Uncertainty in the assessment of hazard,exposure and risk 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michael H. Ramsey 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(2):205-217
The terminology, concepts and current approaches to uncertainty in the assessment of hazard, exposure and risk are reviewed.
Five generic questions are discussed on uncertainty, including sources, levels, when and how it should be dealt with or reduced,
what are our gaps in understanding and how they can be addressed. A case study of lead exposure of children in Lavrion, Greece,
is used to exemplify these questions and possible answers. Estimation of uncertainty may be improved by the use of interorganisational
studies to capture sources of uncertainty that are often overlooked. Gaps identified in our understanding of uncertainty include:
a limitation in the availability of basic measurements, a lack of knowledge of the environmental processes, an inability to
predict the effects of mixtures, the aetiology of disease and devising procedures for optimal resource allocation in impact
assessment. 相似文献
64.
65.
KATHARINE R. E. SIMS JENNIFER M. ALIX‐GARCIA ELIZABETH SHAPIRO‐GARZA LEAH R. FINE VOLKER C. RADELOFF GLEN ARONSON SELENE CASTILLO CARLOS RAMIREZ‐REYES PATRICIA YAÑEZ‐PAGANS 《Conservation biology》2014,28(5):1151-1159
Natural resource managers are often expected to achieve both environmental protection and economic development even when there are fundamental trade‐offs between these goals. Adaptive management provides a theoretical structure for program administrators to balance social priorities in the presence of trade‐offs and to improve conservation targeting. We used the case of Mexico's federal Payments for Hydrological Services program (PSAH) to illustrate the importance of adaptive management for improving program targeting. We documented adaptive elements of PSAH and corresponding changes in program eligibility and selection criteria. To evaluate whether these changes resulted in enrollment of lands of high environmental and social priority, we compared the environmental and social characteristics of the areas enrolled in the program with the characteristics of all forested areas in Mexico, all areas eligible for the program, and all areas submitted for application to the program. The program successfully enrolled areas of both high ecological and social priority, and over time, adaptive changes in the program's criteria for eligibility and selection led to increased enrollment of land scoring high on both dimensions. Three factors facilitated adaptive management in Mexico and are likely to be generally important for conservation managers: a supportive political environment, including financial backing and encouragement to experiment from the federal government; availability of relatively good social and environmental data; and active participation in the review process by stakeholders and outside evaluators. Mejorando los Objetivos Ambiental y Social Mediante el Manejo Adaptativo en el Programa de Pagos por Servicios Hidrológicos en México 相似文献
66.
塞曼效应石墨管原子吸收法测定人尿痕量镉 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以磷酸二氢铵(NH4、H2PO4)作基体改良剂,用塞曼效应扣除背景直接进行石墨管原子吸收法测定尿中痕量镉,该法最低检出限为0.024μg/L,相对标准在4.5%,回收率达95-112%。. 相似文献
67.
对聚酯装置工艺废气的形成,稳定性,采样方法及其浓度变化等进行了研究,结果表明,经冷的乙二醇娟收后排放出的聚酯放心气化学性质稳定,可采用聚四氟乙烯袋直接采样,采用DB-5大口径石英毛细管柱气相色谱法分析废气净化前后的有机污染物含量,净化前乙醛浓度变化在2000-30000mg/m^3之间,超出GB16297新污染源大气污染物排放限值(125mg/m^3)10-250倍,经处理后可达到国家排放标准,本方法可用于聚酯装置废气的监控。 相似文献
68.
以上海黄浦江上游的藻类群落在空间和时间上的分布格局为例,讨论了用于环境质量监控的着生藻类群落分析的采样设计,设计采用收集者曲线及多元分析技术。研究表明,黄浦江着生藻类监测的采样频率每年至少4次,冬季不宜取样,条件许可应在夏季增加采样频率;综合分析宜采用年度复合样方;文中所采用的格局研究原则,同样适用于其它生物类型的采样设计。 相似文献
69.
Junxia Wang Maud Mercury Maurice Millet Michel Montury 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):365-370
To estimate the atmospheric exposure of the greenhouse workers to pesticides, solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used under non-equilibrium conditions. Using Fick's law of diffusion, the concentrations of pesticides in the greenhouse can be calculated using pre-determined sampling rates (SRs). Thus the sampling rates (SRs) of two modes of SPME in the lab and in the field were determined and compared. The SRs for six pesticides in the lab were 20.4-48.3 mL min−1 for the exposed fiber and 0.166-0.929 mL min−1 for the retracted fiber. In field sampling, two pesticides, dichlorvos and cyprodinil were detected with exposed SPME. SR with exposed SPME for dichlorvos in the field (32.4 mL min-1) was consistent with that in the lab (34.5 mL min-1). SR for dichlorvos in the field (32.4 mL min−1) was consistent with that in the lab (34.5 mL min−1). The trends of temporal concentration and the inhalation exposure were also obtained. 相似文献
70.
The effectiveness of market-based conservation in the tropics: forest certification in Ecuador and Bolivia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
During the last decade, forest certification has gained momentum as a market-based conservation strategy in tropical forest countries. Certification has been promoted to enhance forest management in countries where governance capacities are insufficient to adequately manage natural resources and enforce pertinent regulations, given that certification relies largely on non-governmental organisations and private businesses. However, at present there are few tropical countries with large areas of certified forests. In this study, we conducted semi-structured stakeholder interviews in Ecuador and Bolivia to identify key framework conditions that influence the costs and benefits for companies to switch from conventional to certified forestry operations. Bolivia has a much greater relative area under certified forest management than Ecuador and also significantly more certified producers. The difference in the success of certification between both countries is particularly notable because Bolivia is a poorer country with more widespread corruption, and is landlocked with less access to export routes. Despite these factors, several characteristics of the Bolivian forest industry contribute to lower additional costs of certified forest management compared to Ecuador. Bolivia has stronger government enforcement of forestry regulations a fact that increases the cost of illegal logging, management units are larger, and vertical integration in the process chain from timber extraction to markets is higher. Moreover, forestry laws in Bolivia are highly compatible with certification requirements, and the government provides significant tax benefits to certified producers. Results from this study suggest that certification can be successful in countries where governments have limited governance capacity. However, the economic incentives for certification do not only arise from favourable market conditions. Certification is likely to be more successful where governments enforce forestry laws, provide financial incentives for certified forestry, and provide land tenure security, and where large-scale and vertically integrated forestry operations are commercially feasible. For this reason, at present, there are few developing countries where forest certification is likely to achieve widespread success. 相似文献